Pollutants in Human Health and Bioaccumulation

Pollutants in Human Health and Bioaccumulation

http://cfpub.epa.gov/ncea/cfm/dioxin.cfm?ActType=default This is a great site with links to Pdfs with the most authoritative information on the health effects of dioxin (2,3,7,8-TCDD and its ilk) and dioxin-like compounds (PCDFs and PCBs that exhibit dioxin like activity) in the Dioxin Reassessment. In addition, there is a link to an inventory and database of releases of dioxin like compounds in the U.S. as well as a dioxin FAQ page. Too good a site to not include because EPA sites have been overkilled.

http://www.nrdc.org Natural Resource Defense Council website. The NRDC is an environmental advocacy group whose mission is to work to ensure a safe and healthy environmental for all living things. There are sections focused on such topics as clean air and energy, global warming and environmental legislation. The site contains full test NRDC press releases on environmental topics as well as quick facts.

http://www.nrdc.org/health/effects/qendoc.asp This is the National Resources Defense Council's website on endocrine disruptors. It is basically a FAQ page, asking and answering general questions like what is an endocrine disruptor and what can I do to avoid exposure.The site provides detailed information on the endocrine system and chemicals that interfere with it.

http://www.psr.org Physicians for Social Responsibility Website Physicians for Social Responsibility represents more than 20,000 physicians, nurses, health care professionals, and concerned citizens devoted to nuclear disarmament, violence prevention and environmental health. PSR began in opposition to nuclear arms and testing. It has expanded to include concern over other global health issues. The website has sections devoted PSR's position on the International Joint Commission's Persistent Organic Pollutant Initiative and the World Health Organization's efforts to contain the spread of malaria. There are also discussion on the safety of our nation's drinking water supply and a publication on environmental endocrine disrupters.

http://www.pmac.net Pest Management at the Crossroads website. The website is designed and managed by Benbrook Consulting Servies and fucuses on biointensive Integrated Pest Mangement (IPM). The site contains a long list of topics related to IPM including genetic engineering, soil quality, cutting edge IPM technology, regulatory status and pesticides. This site provides links to articles and documents dealing with endocrine disruptors.

http://www.aperc.org Alkylphenols and Ethoxylates (APE) Research Council Website The state purpose of the website is to provide information and "promote the safe use of alkylphenols and their derivatives." The site contains general information on APEs, their regulatory status, and product safety information. There is an entire section discussing APEs and endocrine disruption. The articles are informative but biased toward industry, with the selected information showing a weak link, if any, between APEs and endocrine disruption.

http://www.cerc.usgs.gov/endocrine/summary U.S. Geological Survey Website specifically discussing research on endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs). The site has links to various research projects looking at potential endocrine disrupters. Projects included look at site specific data and also studies with individual chemicals. An example is an in vivo study of mixtures of EDCs. The information provided by the site is useful in that it shows current USGS research trends but it does not provide enough details. Contacts are provided to obtain more information but it would take time and effort.

http://www.tmc.tulane.edu/ecme Environmental Concepts Made Easy website The website is put together by the Center for Bioenvironmental Research of Tulane and Xavier Universities, New Orleans, LA. The site has subtopics on environmental estrogens, lead in the environment, and biology in space. The environmental estrogen section provides recent headlines on estrogens and estrogen mimics. There is also a more in-depth discussion on the endocrine system and how environmental endocrines, both natural and anthropogenic, alter hormonal systems, where they are found, etc. This site provides a very good, clearly written overview.

http://www.watoxics.org Washington Toxics coalition is a nonprofit organization in Seattle with the goal of identifying and promoting alternatives to chemicals. The site provides information put together by members and staff on chemical toxicity and also has links to other sites. The website contains a special report on endocrine disruption with valuable links to many sites on the toxicity of EDCs.

http://www.ccotis.ca/oshanswers/chemicals/endocrine Canadian Centre for Occupations Health and Safety website. The general website, www.ccotis.ca, has very useful links to chemical databases and access to MSDS. The site is easily searchable. In addition, there is also a link to Canadian environmental regulation. One section of the website focuses on endocrine disrupters. The site briefly describes how the human endocrine system works and provides information on types of hormones. The site discusses chemicals that can potentially disrupt the system and why we should be concerned. This is a fairly general site with good background information but no in-depth, specific pieces of information.

http://www.who.int/pcs/index The International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS) website The IPCS was established in 1980 and is a joint program of 3 cooperating organizations; ILO, UNEP,and WHO. The emerging issues section is currently focused on endocrine disrupters. It contains general descriptions of endocrine disrupters and links to a current research inventory and status database. The site has an international focus.

http://www.scorecard.org/pollutionwatch The website called Pollution Watch Scorecard is an environmental service provided by the Canadian Environmental Law Associating, Canadian Environmental Defence Fund, and Environmental Defense. The site is a valuable resource listing the release of chemicals in Canada. The site is searchable by zip code to find data on chemicals released in a particular area. The site lists health effects and regulations on the chemicals. For instance, there is a page listing suspected endocrine disrupters, their CAS registry number, and the reference leading to inclusion of the compound on the list This is a user friendly website.

http://www.agius.com/hew Website created by Raymond Agius, a professor of Occupational and Environmental Medicine at the University of Manchester. The title of the website is Health, Environment and Work (HEW). There is a general discussion on the effects the environment can have on health as well as more specific information on air quality, airborne pollutants, radon, etc. This is a very useful site providing assistance on locating peer reviewed literature and useful search engines. The index of educational resources on occupational environmental medicine and health which leads the user to articles on topics such as lung disease and exposure to lead or radon. The chemistry of the each compound is included in the discussion. One topic focuses on endocrine disrupting chemicals. Raymond Agius gives a summary of the current evidence so far. He also discusses inconsistencies and problems. There are also links to other related sites.

http://e.hormone.tulane.edu This website is based our of the Center for Bioenvironmental Research (CBR) at Tulane University. It is dedicated to helping readers remain at the cutting edge of endocrine disrupting chemicals research. The science portion of the site is not complete at this time but for now there are updates on upcoming and past conferences, lists of books on EDCs, links to a few pertinent news articles and other related sites. The most interesting part of the site at this point is the monthly commentary contributed by a new author each month. The month of March commentary focuses on the hormonal activity of chiral environmental chemicals. The discussion is in-depth and interesting.

http://www.mfe.govt.nz/issues/waste/organochlorines/organo.htm This website is run by the Ministry for the Environment, an agency of the federal government of New Zealand. The webpage that is particularly relevant to my research is the Organochlorines Programme, which contains numerous internal and external links for information on dioxins, persistent organic pollutants (POPs), and organochlorines in general. Additionally, a Health Risk Assessment (HRA) report on the effects/occurence of dioxins in the New Zealand population is available. The Ministry for the Environment also provides access to its Dioxin Action Plan and strategies for reducing dioxin discharge into the air.

http://www.ktl.fi/dioxin/atoc.html This site contains an encyclopedia of dioxins and PCBs and is operated by the Finnish National Public Health Institute (KTL), a government research body. The online encyclopedia is broken into three sections: A-C, D-O and R-Z. In addition to containing a complete list of terms relating to dioxins and PCBs, the encyclopedia also makes data and graphs available to the viewer. Examples of graphs available are PCDD/F body burden in a number of European nations, measured from human milk samples and the markedly increased body burden of PCDD/F in a human who consumed the worst-contaminated chicken from the Belgian chicken incident.

http://www.cpes.sussex.ac.uk/users/jms/bcenv/lec13/13.html This webpage is part of the School of Chemistry, Physics and Environmental Science (CPES) of the University of Sussex, Brighton, England. Simply titled "Insecticides," the page contains lecture notes, diagrams and definitions related to insecticides. The topics discussed in this lecture include the following: carbamate insecticides, organochlorine insecticides, naturally occurring insecticides, and herbicides.

http://www.sfei.org/rmp/Scientific_Publications/Sediment_Toxicity_1997/ sedtox.html This site contains a report on the relationship between sediment toxicity and contamination in San Francisco Bay, sponsored by the San Francisco Estuary Institute (SFEI). The report was completed in December 1997 and is preceded on the page by the table of contents. The most relevant sections for my research are the Abstract, Introduction, Patterns in Sediment Contamination, Patterns in Sediment Toxicity, and Conclusions.

http://www.chem.unep.ch/pops/ The United Nations Environment Programme runs this website; the specific address listed here is dedicated to persistent organic pollutants (POPs). This webpage contains links to the Stockholm Convention on POPs (a global treaty in the making on protecting human health and the environment from persistent organic pollutants), POPs related GEF (Global Environmental Facility) Projects, proceedings, reports and documents, and information on POPs, their alternatives, and alternative approaches. The internal link to information on POPs contains a fact sheet on dioxins, regulatory actions and guidelines, and case studies.

Http://www.rtk.net/ Although this site is not a chemistry site I feel that it is very important for any dedicated chemist that is concerned with the environmental effects of their line of work. This is the site for the "right to know network." Through this site you can access what kind of toxic pollution is happening in your area and who is responsible for it.

http://www.emcentre.com/unepweb/tec_case/chemical_24/house/casestudy.shtml This is a really great site for information about chemical pollution incidences. It gives case studies of places around the world where chemical pollution has occurred giving the year, place, background information, what has being done in terms of clean up, economic and environmental concerns, constraints on the project and contact information.

http://ag.ansc.purdue.edu/il-in-sg/helm/health.htm This website is operated by Purdue University. The site is devoted to discussing the problems posed to human health by contaminated waterways and fisheries, particularly in southern Lake Michigan. The University is developing plans for several extensive studies and the site outlines what scientists already know and what they hope to find out through the research.

http://pops.gpa.unep.org/ This website is operated by the United Nations Environment Programme. The site is mainly concerned with Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPS). The site discusses the chemistry of POPS, their origins, and some health effects on humans. It also contains a graph, charting the names of different pesticides, their industrial chemical products, and unwanted by-products.

http://www.marietta.edu/~biol/102/2bioma95.html This website contains information from the textbooks Biology and Conservation Biology, written by Sylvia S. Mader. The site deals mainly with bioaccumulation and biomagnification. It covers subjects such as the half-life of DDT and its bioaccumulation and biomagnification. It also lists other substances such as PCBs, PAHs, cyanide and selenium. In this list it illustrates the uses and problems with using these metals and chemicals.

http://www.great-lakes.net/humanhealth/drink/index.html This website is operated by the US EPA. It deals mainly with the Great Lakes region and human health with regards to drinking water, recreational water, fish consumption, as well as other issues. The site lists the chemical issues on a lake-by-lake basis. It also covers which substances are of concern, their sources, and effects.

http://www.des.state.nh.us/factsheets/ard/ard-1.htm This website is operated by the New Hampshire Dept. of Environmental Services. The site is concerned mainly with information about the effects on human health and the environment from toxic air pollutants. The site also discusses how to protect human and environmental health from these pollutants.

http://www.worldwildlife.org/toxics/progareas/ed/ This is the World Wildlife Foundation's website on endocrine disruptors. It provides a basic background of endocrine disruptors and their effects on humans and the environment.

http://www.ourstolenfuture.org/ Our Stolen Future is a book that explores the emerging science of endocrine disruption: how some synthetic chemicals interfere with the ways that hormones work in humans and wildlife. The websites provides updated information on endocrine disruptors and cutting edge scientific evidence. They also have links to their critics' websites.

http://www.psr.org/endofs.htm This is the Physicians for Social Responsibility's FAQ website on endocrine disruptors. They also provide information on activism and links to various EPA sites pertaining to endocrine disruption.

http://www.chlorophiles-usa.org/ This site is pretty entertaining. CHLOROPHILES-USA is a grass-roots, not-for-profit group dedicated to spread the "truth" about chlorine and polyvinyl chlorine in benefiting people. Their agenda? "We are scientists, engineers, technicians and citizens who believe that lies, half- truths and other forms of disinformation put forth by zealot environmentalists with questionable agenda must be countered by facts and truths directly addressing the " mind bombs " put forth in an uninformed effort to " sunset " chlorine and all products incorporating this vital element." Nice.

http://www.som.tulane.edu/cbr/ecme/eehome/default.html This site is run by the Center for Environmental Research of Tulane and Xavier Universities. The site offers information on Environmental Estrogens and other hormone. They also provide numerous links, updates, recent articles, and lots of pertinent information.

http://website.lineone.net/~mwarhurst/ This page provides an introduction to the effects of hormone disrupting chemicals on man and the environment, and the response of Governments and industry to this problem. It discusses suspect chemicals, the role of the endocrine system, and ways of taking action.

http://www.ccaej.org/projects/endocrine.htm This is the endocrine disruptor site of the Center for Community Action and Environmental Justice. This page has a lot of valuable information on the three types of endocrine disruptors: mimics, blocker, and triggers. There is also an extensive list of endocrine disrupting chemicals: herbicides and fungicides, insecticides, nematocides, and industrial chemicals.

http://www.chej.org/ This is the homepage for the Center for Health, Environment, and Justice. CHEJ is the only national environmental organization founded and led by grassroots leaders. They are involved in community-based activism. Cureently, they are working on stopping dioxin exposure.

http://www.cleanupge.org/ The slogan of this site is "GE has taken good thing from our lives." This site is full of information about GE's hazardous environmental record. It discusses the 1.3 million pounds of PCB's dropped into the Hudson River by GE and the negative after-effects of this horrific incident.

http://www.iatp.org/edrc/ This site is run by the Institute for Agriculture and Trade Policy. Their goal is to keep industrial pollution out of the food system. It provides information on the hazards of lead, cadmium, mercury, arsenic, and dioxins, and how they get into fertilizer. They also discuss hormone disruptors and sewage sludge.

http://www.who.int/pcs/index.htm This is the site of the International Programme on Chemical Safety. It provides a whole lot of information on almost anything you could have questions about.

http://www.mindfully.org/Pesticide/2002/pesticide2002.htm This site contains numerous articles from 2002 on pesticides, toxins, and endocrine disruptors. A very useful site for current information. There are also links to prior articles dealing with these subjects.

http://www.iupac.org/dhtml_home.html This is the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. It includes a large base of information on anything related to chemistry. A very useful site.

http://www.ewg.org/pub/home/reports/beautysecrets/pr.html This site informs us of all the nasty toxins, especially DBP, contained in cosmetic make-ups. DBP is dibutyl phthalate, a chemical coming under growing scientific scrutiny because of high levels found in reproductive age women and possible risks of birth defects.

http://www.ecologic-ipm.com/menu.html This site deals with the Food Quality and Protection Act of 1996. It contains various viewpoints, congressional committee reports, and assorted other documents pertaining to pesticide levels in food.

http://www.wwf.ca/satellite/hormone-disruptors/ This is WWF Canada's web guide to endocrine disrupting chemicals. There is scientific information, issue and actions, and a variety of other resources.

http://www.chem-tox.com/infertility Major articles on infertility causes, including household chemicals. Also includes graphs on infertility rates and percentages and causes of incrased fertility by indoor or household toxins.

http://www.Junkscience.com/news/euroendo.html An environmental study finds that insufficient evidence exists to link exposure to certain industrial chemicals to effects in the human endocrine system. Their findings would seem to bolster EPA's belief that more data is needed before action can be taken on regulating these chemicals. The EPA released a policy, which calls for an increased amount of research into the effects of industrial chemicals on the human endocrine system. The problem with this site is that it's from 1997 and I don't know what the EPA has done since then because there is no follow up page that I can find.

http://www.ecologic-ipm.com/endocrin.html In sum, the problem of endocrine disrupting chemicals seems to be more than apparent, but it appears that even the wealthiest nations in the world haven't the capacity to do the necessary scientific research. This is a serious problem because the danger of irreversible damage is real. So in light of the fact that we don't know all the harmful chemicals we must watch our exposure to things that we might consider to be harmful to our health.

http://www.enn.com/news/enn-stories/2000/10/10282000/endodisrupt_39491.asp This website talks about how British scientists discovered in the Thames river several fish that had the genetic code to be a male but in fact grew up to be females. Then they go on to say this was caused by environmental contaminants now known as endocrine disruptors. Then they go on to talk about what endocrine disruptors are and how they affect plants, animals and humans. They kind of sum it up by saying that there needs to be facilities in every country where these chemicals can be tested.

http://www.unc.edu/~pbermel/ed/ This site talks more in depth about endocrine disruptors and what they are and what they do as well as a couple of studies done including the study of the lake Apopka alligators. It has a slide show on biological effects and implications and is a pretty informative site dealing with the broader sense of endocrine disruption.

http://www.fb.org/issues/analysis/Triazine_Update.html Talks about the use of Triazine and atrazine as a pesticide and how the EPA is trying to ban its use. The EPA is saying there are much safer chemicals than either of the two. But a lot of testing has been done on these chemicals and the results show us that they are safe and not bad for our health. In all atrazine is now the most widely and thoroughly tested product ever used in crop protection, and will continue to be used by farmers across the U.S.

http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/faq/endisrp.htm This site deals with estrogen endocrine disruptors in the environment and how they affect your health and the threats that they pose. It simply asks the question "What is all the talk I'm hearing about endocrine disruptors in the environment?" And then it goes on to answer in detail.

http://www.pesticidesafety.uiuc.edu/newsletter/ipr8-96/endocrine.html This site is about endocrine disrupting pesticides and some reasons for worry. It talks about being at risk for extinction as well as alarmingly dropping rates of sperm count in males. It says we should take steps to ban these chemicals without waiting for research to be complete because it's crucial that we don't come in contact with certain substances.

http://www.pyr.ec.gc.ca/wildlife/migratory/endocrine_e.htm Deals with endocrine disrupting chemicals, what are they and what do they do. Talks about effects found on the wildlife in Canada like deformities and impaired reproduction and development. There was a really striking one that caught my eye that said they found abnormal reproduction in snails exposed to substances applied to exteriors of ships.

http://www.e-hormone-kit.com/Pdf%20Files/Data/Ehormone2000.pdf A rather lengthy site dealing with endocrine disruption and practically everything having to do with it. It talks about wildlife studies and chemical analysis along with an abstract and plenty of graphs and charts dealing with chemicals and such.

http://www.sdk.co.jp/shodex/english/dc090402.htm This site is about Bisphenol A and how to clean it up. It gives two graphs and is somewhat useful in understanding this chemical and its effects.

http://www.env.go.jp/en/pol/speed98/sp98.html This site is by SPEED, Strategic Programs on Environmental Endocrine Disruptors. Talks about Exogenous endocrine disruptors and what they are and do. Also has tables and figures and links that you can go to find more info. What's nice about this site is that you can write with questions or concerns to the environmental health and safety division which is something I did not come across in all my research.

Links to Ozone studies and Volcanic information

Links to Ozone studies and Volcanic information

http://www.unep.ch/ozone/index-en.shtml United Nations Environment Programme, Ozone Secretariat
Online copies of all relevant treaties, agreements and protocols concerning ozone, acess to on-line book store with

121 publications related to ozone.

http://www.oar.noaa.gov/atmosphere/atmos_al.html Aeronomy Laboratory. Links to 10 different NOAA research labs conducting research on awide variety of climate issues including the aeronomy lab which is researching stratospheric ozone depletion, tropospheric ozone pollution, data sets on tropical winds and mass spec particle analysis, research on intercontinental transport of manmade pollution.

http://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/stratosphere/sbuv2to/ozone_hole.html
This website is for the climate prediction center, a branch of NOAA. It includes background information about ozone depletion, what's happening currently, where their data comes from and links to related websites.

http://www.al.noaa.gov/WWWHD/pubdocs/StratO3.html "Stratospheric Ozone Depletion (Antarctic, Arctic, and Global" (NOAA Aeronomy Laboratory). This site discusses past and recent research efforts at their lab in Antarctica. This site concentrates more on the process and goals of the research than the chemistry or concepts.

http://www.ozonelayer.noaa.gov The National Oceanic And Atmospheric Administration website for oceanic and atmospheric information. The NOAA constantly monitors and researches stratospheric ozone by using satellite, airborne, and ground-based systems. This section of their site provides information on current and historical stratospheric ozone and climate data. You can also learn about the science of ozone, read recent ozone-related press reports, and get some answers to frequently asked questions.

http://www.cmdl.noaa.gov/noah/flask/hcfc.html This website is operated by NOAA and the Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics Laboratory in Boulder, CO. The information on this site deals mainly with HCFCs, in regard to what they actually are and basic information on how they work as an ozone depleting species. The site also contains data and graphs concerning the increases in concentrations of selected HCFCs.

http://www.cmdl.noaa.gov/info/ozone_anim.html The animation (which has a fairly long download time) shows the development of stratospheric temperatures as well as the ozone hole at the South pole for 1999. The site continues with an explanation of the Ozone hole and why there isn't one over North America. In the text regarding the lack of an actual hole over the United States the a dialogue regarding how volcanoes also impact ozone depletion is started. It is interesting to see a when not if contingency added to this topic.

http://www.cmdl.noaa.gov/ozwv/ozsondes/spo/ozone_anim2000.html "South Pole Ozone Hole" (Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics Laboratory). This website features an animation of developing stratospheric conditions with ozone and temperature graphs from July until the present at the Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station. There is also a section that discusses why ozone depletion is so much more of a problem over Antarctica than anywhere else.

http://remus.jpl.nasa.gov Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Primary research focus of the JPL is on polar stratospheric clouds and ozone. Page has links to extensive publications list of research papers on this and related issues. Also has downlable spectrscopic data on several hundred molecules, numerous links to related sites.

http://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2000/ast02oct_1.htm Peering into the Ozone Hole. This is a NASA website dedicated to the Ozone Hole. This site has links to some of the articles released in 2000 and a good number of images of ozone levels in the stratosphere at varying times of the year. You can read an overall- easy to understand- summary of the goings on of ozone depletion cycles here. There is also a link to the Montreal Protocol Agreement, which I found so interesting I also linked it below.

http://www.wmo.ch World Metereological Organization. Site contains WMO antarctica Ozone Bulletin, ozone data maps for N. America, links to TVOS satellite images, ozone mapping spectrometer, Antarctic ozone and temperature cross sections and animation of the ozone hole at the S. Pole.

http://www.wmo.ch/web/arep/nhoz.html Provides a list of daily ozone maps in N. America.

http://www.knmi.nl/gome_fd Royal Netherlands Metereological Institute, GOME Fast Delivery Service
Provides access to near-real time data on ozone columns, stratospheric ozone profiles, clear sky UV indices and assimilated global ozone maps from GOME data. Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment (GOME) is an instrument aboard the ERS-2 (European Remote Sensing) satellite, launched by the European Space Agency (ESA) in 1995. ESA uses four ground stations for downlinking ERS-2 data; they are located in Kiruna (Sweden), Gatineau (Canada), Prince Albert (Canada) and Maspalomas (Spain). GOME is a spectrometer, which means that it measures Earthshine spectra, that is: the sunlight which is reflected back into space by molecules in the atmosphere and by the surface. The instrument also measures the solar spectrum directly.

http://www-das.uwyo.edu/research.htm University of Wyoming Atmospheric Science web page
This is the homepage for the Atmospheric Science department of the University of Wyoming. Professor Terry Deshler conducts research on the ozone layer using ballonborne instruments. Most of the research has to do with polar stratospheric clouds in the Artic and Antarctic. You can read about this research under Deshler in the research section of the web page.

http://www.atm.ch.cam.ac.uk/tour/ The Ozone Hole Tour-take a tour of the Yahoo! wesite of the week. The centre for atmospheric science has put together a website that takes you through information on The Discovery of the Ozone Hole, Recent Ozone Loss over Antarctica, The Science of the Ozone Hole, and the Latest Ozone Hole Research at Cambridge.

http://www.atm.ch.cam.ac.uk/ This is the University of Cambridge's Center for Atmospheric Science web sight. It has many links to other information sources. It also has a picture gallery and a job announcements page. There is an article at this sight about the upcoming European Symposium on Stratospheric Ozone to be held in September of 2002.

http://www.usatoday.com/weather/wozone0.htm This is an article from usatoday that talks about ozone depletion and how its confused with climate change. It has a lot of informative sites that you can go to and it also talks briefly about reduction in ozone depleting substances as well as info from the usatoday weather book.

http://www.safeclimate.net/newsandlibrary/article_detail.php?id=29 Congressmen argue with scientific research on climate and ozone polices with scientists and organizations like the WMO. It made me angry to read how some people in congress even debate whether there really is an ozone problem to begin with in the first place. It just goes to show how naive people really are.

http://www.coaleducation.org/issues/deplet.htm This site is all about the depletion of the ozone layer. It talks about the ozone layer in general and then goes into more detail about CFC's as well as the problems we are facing over both poles. Also there are supposedly going to be 200,000 extra skin cancer deaths by the year 2050 if things keep going the way they are. Lastly they talk about seeking substitutes and that the WMO has just released evidence that says the damage is much worse than we thought and it extends into the summer months, which is a problem because more people are outside during the summer exposing them to more UV-B rays.

http://www.enviro.org/artozne2.html It is an article from 1996 saying that the hole over the Antarctica is the worse it's ever been and is at record size. They said in September and October that year it peeked at 7.7 million square miles but has gone down to 6.9 million square miles.

http://www.ucar.edu/learn/1_6_1.htm The title is called Stratospheric Ozone, the Protector and it is an intense site dealing with all aspects of ozone. It talks about the ozone's chemical makeup and how they interact with CFC's. It has charts and models of how these things work as well as pictures that help you understand what happens when certain chemicals interact with O3. It also has animation that shows you the destruction of ozone by a chlorine atom as well as activities you can go and do.

http://seawifs.gsfcnasa.gov/OCEAN_PLANET/HTMLperil_ozone_depletion.html I liked this web site because right off the bat it breaks down the ozone hole problem and many confusions that come along with the chemistry involved. Many people believe that the ozone itself is the problem and not the lack of ozone. The article then carefully explains CFC's and what they are and the chemical problems they produce.

http://Visibleearth.nasa.gov/ This site is very neat and is one of the reasons I think the ozone hole is a prolem many people are going to get into and deal with. The site allows you to get up to date information on the ozone hole and since we can get images of the actual hole the problem is able to be seen visually. I believe the images have an immense impact on people. The site also has links to TOMS which is the current images of the hole.

http://www.nas.nasa.gov/About/Education/Ozone/ This is a resource file sponsored by NASA that includes phone and e-mail contact information for ozone researchers, a brief glossary of terms and a summary of the effects of stratospheric ozone depletion.

http://www.toms.gsfc.nasa.gov/ This is NASA's new official website of information, data, and images from the Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) instruments. There are several different satellite images to choose from, showing up to date images of ozone concentrations in the stratosphere.

http://www.nilu.no/projects/nadir/o3hole/ This web site has links to very reputable studies and colleges that have volumes of information and hard numbers and statistics on the ozone hole. The site gives you a straightforward background and then gives you links for exploration into the current information coming in.

http://www.riverdeep.net/current/2000/09/091300ozonehole.jhtml This is a good article to summarize the ozone hole since its discovery in 1970. The site talks to the common persons understanding of chemistry and talks of how the depletion of this ozone shield will have very real effects on most people throughout the world. It also explains about the increase in UV-B rays and how it will cause a rise in skin cancer.

http://abcnews.go.com/sections/science/DailyNews/ozone_city001005.html I liked this article because it highlights how vague the mainstream media likes to address the ozone hole or any other environmental problem. They choose to only tell the information that has happened but not the consequences or solutions to these problems. The story is approached from a sensationalist point of view that talks about this ozone hole coming to get these people like the ozone hole is the enemy and not our own pollution. The story highlights that a huge population was exposed to the hole but didn't actually address how it affected them.

http://www.solcomhouse.com/OzoneHole.htm A wonderful and colorful site is in store at this web address. The images of the ozone hole over the Antarctica are vivid while the step by step explanation and history of the ozone hole keys readers into the problem right away. The site encompasses more related subjects to the ozone hole then any other I browsed and goes into how each aspect of the environment will be affected.

http://www.ozone.fmi.fi/o3group/o3home.html This site portrays interesting site maps of Finland uv maps, ozone mapping spectrometer links, and research information, and monitoring stations for 4 sites in Finland monitoring uv light. Pretty interesting.

http://www.eco-action.org/dt/krill.html This site lists some other effects of harmful uv light uv b light on inhabitants of the polar region such as krill. there is a nice picture of krill, other links that show other pankton - even such things at kangaroos being affected by uvb light.
Pretty interesting on how food webs are affected.

http://www.niwa.cri.nz/ NIWA Homepage.This is the New Zealand's "National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research" homepage. There is a link to an Atmosphere and Climate page that has a lot of information on the Ozone problem including some Antarctic research. There is also information on New Zealand's Climate.

http://www.niwa.cri.nz/pubs/mr/archive/2000-10-02-1 This site details the low measurements that were recorded on October 2, 2000 for the ozone hole, along with a link that will forward you to a map of the ozone hole. the links on this site will give you information on where to buy publications. there is also the telephone number of the Scott Base in Antartica where this article comes from. If you want to contact the person directly about ozone in the artic, here is the telephone number.

http://katipo.niwa.cri.nz/lauder/ NIWA at Lauder Home Page
NIWA is New Zealand's "National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research". One of their research stations is located in Lauder on the South Island of New Zealand. Research focuses on understanding the physics and chemistry of the middle atmosphere. This includes ozone depletion, chemical modeling of the atmosphere, measurement of surface UV, modeling of radiative transfer through the atmosphere and at the surface, and measurement of trace chemical species in the atmosphere.

http://www.gcrio.org/ocp96/hilitec5.html Five ozone abstracts are listed here along with the complete references to look up the papers they came from. They involve:
Increases In UV Radiation Confirmed To Be An Important Public Health Problem;
Ice Cover In The Antarctic May Protect Phytoplankton From Adverse Impacts Of Increased Uvb: Ozone Depletors And Their Substitutes Broken Down By Soil Microbes; Some Fish Found To Be Especially Tolerant To Increases In Uv Radiation; 1994 Science Assessment On Ozone Depletion Published. If you are looking for a few research sources this might be a good find. LInks here list students and other items of interest.

http://eospso.gsfc.nasa.gov/eos_observ/7_8_96/p29.html This link is from a satellite carrying NASA Scatterometer and total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer instruments designed to measure global ocean surface winds, and atomospheric ozone content as part of an international climate change research project. I thought it was interesting

http://www.epa.gov/ozone/science/hole/holehome.html EPA Site on the Ozone Hole
This is the EPA's site on the ozone hole. This specific site deals with the Antarctic ozone hole and has a satellite map of the hole. There are links to pages describing ozone chemistry, ozone depletion over the world, and U.S. regulations.

http://www.sciencenews.org/20011222/fob4.asp
This is an article from the journal Science News announcing new evidence that certain ectomycorrhizal fungi emit ozone destroying methyl halides into the atmosphere. Researchers examined four different types of soil fungi and found that all emitted trace amounts into the atmosphere. These soil fungi are a natural example of ozone destroyers.
http://sedac.ciesin.org/ozone/docs/UNEPsummary96.html This site is from the United Nations Protocol on substances that deplete the Ozone hole. Within this site are sections for; Ozone and UV Changes, Health Effects, Effects on Terrestrial Ecosystems, Effects on Aquatic Ecosystems , Effects on Biogeochemical Cycles , Effects on Air Quality, Materials Damage , Future Effects Studies, Panel Members and Representatives. It comes from 1996.chemforlife.org

http://www.ciesin.org/TG/OZ/oz-home.html This website is operated by Columbia University in NYC. This site is broken into 5 different sections. The first is an overview of the issues surrounding ozone depletion. The other four sub-sections cover key topics in detail regarding the ozone issue. The topics are: CFCs and ozone depletion, Related health effects from increased exposure to UV-B radiation, Environmental effects of ozone depletion, and Policies and Responses to ozone depletion.

http://www.ciesin.org/TG/OZ/oz-net.html "Ozone Depletion and Global Environmental Change" is a nice succinct site with a bunch of links to sites with information about international environmental problems and policies designed to deal with them. Also gives a list of texts and documents that would be useful to those researching the international reaction to ozone depletion.

http://www.ciesin.org/TG/HH/ozhlthhm.html This site is called "Health Effects From Increased Exposure to Ultraviolet-B (UV-B) Radiation due to Stratospheric Ozone Depletion" and the title says it all. It has 5 good links to information on what ozone depletion does to biological activity, particularly humans. It covers everything from skin cancer to Ocular damage to immune system suppression.

http://phoenix.liunet.edu/~divenere/LI_Env/uvr.htm This site provides a good overview of info on UV rays and their relationship to ozone depletion. It alsao explains the UV scale and tells how each of the different levels of UV can effect human health, especially in relation to sunburning.

http://www.environment.govt.nz/ozone/ This site from the New Zealand government gives an overview of the problems surrounding ozone depletion. It also provides some good concise information about the chemicals that cause ozone depletion and their levels over places in Tasmania and Antarctica.

http://whales.greenpeace.org/environment/ozone.html This site gives a little info on the effects of the increasing ozone hole on wildlife, especially whales. These effects include a disruption of the photoplankton levels and cancer from the UV radiation.

http://www.life.ca/nl/52/lakes.html This article is good because it demonstrates how the problems of global warming, acid rain and ozone depletion are interrelated. This is a good example of the relationship[ of these three phenomenon from the boreal lakes of eastern Canada.

http://www.sepp.org/ozone/ozonefranklin.html This article "The Ozone-CFC Debacle: Hasty Action, Shaky Science" by S. Fred Singer was published in Technology: Journal of The Franklin Institute, and attempts to pick apart the evidence that CFC's cause ozone, claiming that the 1995 phase out is a hasty gesture and will hurt the economy more than it helps health. He has some decent points, but half of his references are to things that he wrote, so who knows how accurate his info is. But its an interesting article and is a good representation of the "other side".

http://www.sepp.org/ozone/ozone.html This is an awesome site, it has over 25 links to various articles surrounding the ozone-CFC debate and other discussions among scientists about the issue. It is very comprehensive and would be an excellent resource for anyone looking for info on CFCs and the controversies thereof.

http://lap.physics.auth.gr/ozonemaps/ This is the homepage for the WMO Ozone Mapping Centre. It has the latest "maps" of the ozone layer over the Northern Hemisphere, as recent as yesterday, as well as a nice archive with maps over the past few years, and a ton of links to sites about ozone and its depletion.

http://www.spacedaily.com/news/ozone-01e.html This is an article from SpaceDaily called "Scientists Confirm: North Pole Ozone Hole Trigger" discusses the possibiltiy and reasoning of an ozone hole over the North Pole. It also has some neat pictures detailing ozone depletion in that area.

http://www.uaf.edu/chem/simpson/strat/ozone_map.html On this site you can enter any date, as late as Dec of last year, (it says yesterday but it doesn't even go up to 2002) and it will give you the TOMS picture of the North Pole with color-coded ozone info for that day.

http://www.solcomhouse.com/OzoneHole.htm Solcom House. Solcomhouse is a combination of the words: Solar Computer House. Their goal is to provide the people of the world housing that is in sync and harmony with the environment. Their website provides volumes of information on numerous environmental and world issues such as the ozone hole. This portion of the site talks about the forming and discovery of the ozone hole over Antarctica. They go on to explain the consequences of ozone depletion on humans, other species, and ecosystems. One cool thing about this website is all the up to date news links they have about ozone and the ozone hole.

http://www.geocities.com/RainForest/Vines/4030/index.html Another neat site on ozone depletion. Has links to a variety of pages with information on everything from CFCs to Volcanoes to books one can buy about ozone. Its a geo-site and doesn't have much sourcing of information, so I don't know how accurate it is, but it looks good. It has a nice timeline of ozone events.

http://www.geocities.com/SunsetStrip/1483/ozone.html The Cosmic Ray Deflection Society Of North America. This site is put out by The Cosmic Ray Deflection Society Of North America. Here they provide you with information about ozone, the ozone hole, and the deadly rays coming through it. Information about the highest cosmic ray ever recorded can be found on this website. their thoughts on what can be done to stop ozone depletion and mend the ozone hole is on the site too. This is an interesting society of people who have a lot to say, I recommend reading what they have to say.

http://www.antarctica.ac.uk/Key_Topics/The_Ozone_Hole/index.html British Antarctic Survey. This website provides great information about ozone and the ozone hole. There are terrific sections on climate change, evolution on the geosphere, and ozone holes of the future. The British Antarctic Survey team provides comprehensive information for everyone on ozone. Good links and news updates too.

http://environment.about.com/cs/ozone This website contains information about many different pressing environmental issues. Ozone depletion is one of the selections. The site offers information on an intermediate level about the chemistry and workings of ozone depletion and the substances involved. It also offers an abridged version of the scientific assessment of ozone depletion by the World Meteorological Organization.

http://environment.about.com/library/weekly/blozone5.htm This site was posted in 2001, but the scientific information seems to be current only through 1998. It explains what is happening to the levels of the different ozone-depleting gases. Also, it gives information about when recovery is expected, and what factors may play into that. Their data has also shown that the replacements for CFCs can already be seen in the troposphere and lower stratosphere.

http://www.europa.ev.int/comm/environment/ozone discusses current research techniques going on and that previously took place in the 1990's mostly. Has a really cool list on ozone depleteing substances and their ozone-depleteing potential.

http://www.state.ri.us/dem/programs/benviron/air/ozone.html I am from Rhode Island so that is why I liked this one. But also has daily report on air quality regarding ozone levels set up in three diffent sites. Has info on dangers in your home and what not to do.

http://www.greenpeace.org/~ozone Less scientific than radical environmentalist crazyness; but nonetheless very interesting. Scientists should now how the public feels. Definitely check out the slide show! Has a decent links page. If anything it gets you all revved up to stop the depletion of ozone.

http://oz.physat.uga.edu/ This website is operated by the University of Georgia. This site is dedicated to information about the National UV Monitoring Center located at the University of Georgia. The Center operates high spectral resolution spectroradiometers throughout the US. This equipment measures full sky UV-B and UV-A spectral flux. With this information, absolute irradiance and total column ozone concentrations are calculated.

http://www.awi-bremerhaven.de/MET/Neumayer/ozone.html This website is operated by the Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, a leading German institute established as a public foundation in 1980. Since March 1981, members of this group have collected data both in the Antarctic, currently at Neumayer station, and in the Arctic, at Koldewey Station. In addition to taking various meteorological measurements, the foundation also uses RS80 radiosondes in helium balloons to conduct upper air ozone soundings. Both stations also measure various types of surface radiation using pyrgeometers. Numerous types of useful data, graphs and photographs are available here including a photo of a pyrgeometer and and a graph of ozone concentration measured in nanobars for 2002.

http://afeas.org/origin.html This website addresses the two programs set up by the chemical industry to look at alternatives for CFCs. These are the Alternative Fluorocarbons Environmental Acceptability Study (AFEAS) and the Programme for Alternative Fluorocarbon Toxicity Testing (PAFT). These programs were setup to see what alternative chemical compounds would work for applications that use CFCs, and then looked at what the effects of those alternative compounds would be on the environment and on human health. There conclusion was to switch to HFCs and to HCFCs so that those chemicals could have a sink while still in the troposphere. This site does not in detail address the adverse effects of these alternative chemicals.

http://www.epa.gov/ozone/mbr/mbrqa.html#q4 This website gives a comprehensive overview of Methyl Bromide. That is, what it is used for, and what its potential is for the destruction of ozone. This website also names some of the alternatives to Methyl Bromide as well as when it is scheduled to be phased out and by how much according to the Montreal Protocol.

http://www.epa.gov/ozone/science/aerosol.html Explains how aerosols from volcanoes rarely get into the stratosphere and when they do their life is significantly shorter than anthropogenic ozone destroyers such as CFCs. Volcanic aerosols just increase the rate at which Chlorine can break ozone molecules. There is also a graph showing the amount of aerosols that reached the stratosphere which were released during the eruption of Mt. Pinatubo in 1991 and how long it took for those aerosols to get out of the stratosphere.

http://www.epa.gov/ozone/science/volcano.html This page gives a short explanation of how volcanoes affect ozone. Though it has widely been claimed that volcanoes and the ocean put a lot of ozone depleting chlorine into the air, it has not stood up to scientific experiments. Though volcanoes emit HCl, they are rarely powerful enough to get into the lower stratosphere. Also, HCl is water soluble and most of it is rained out in the troposphere. In addition volcanoes give off enough steam that most of the HCl is taken care of at the time of eruption. Volcanoes occasionally put aerosols into the stratosphere, which provide a surface for Cl to destroy ozone on, but these aerosols do not stay in the stratosphere for long. Scientists have accounted for all the Cl in the stratosphere and have found that volcanoes are responsible for only 3% of it. This is a tiny amount compared to all of the anthropogenic sources. Also, there has not been very much volcanic activity during the most deleterious time for the ozone in the stratosphere.

http://www.bhs.berkeley.k12.ca.us/departments/science/APWEB/MECHAGODZILLA/html/meas.html
Details: This site does a basic job of explaining ozone measurement. Such as Dobson Units and TOMS satellites. This site also connects to other sites such as what is to be done about ozone depletion and sources of destroyers. All sites have very nice pictures which go a long way in describing ozone. It gives something tangible to something less that concrete.

http://www.shsu.edu/~chemistry/ESC440/PSC.html Has GIF illustrations included as explanation of some basic chemical reactions regarding ozone depletion by polar stratospheric clouds. An explanation of the polar vortex is included (something we touched upon in class but never fully discussed). There is also an interesting link to an animated explanation of James Lovelace's electron capture detector. The animation is fairly old but nicely put and quite elegant.

http://www.unep.org/ozone/mont_t.shtml 1987 Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer. This is the actual agreement of countries to begin control of ozone depleting substances. The agreement was drawn up in 1987 and put into effect in 1988; this site includes subsequent adjustments and amendments. Includes lists of ozone depleting substances, ozone depleting potential, and conditions of meetings, reporting, restrictions, and plans for future control.

http://www.nerc-bas.ac.uk/public/icd/jds/ozone/ozpamw7.htm The Antarctic ozone hole by Jonathan Shanklin. This is a site that is a "pamphlet" explaining how the ozone hole forms, including links to understanding many of the terms used to describe ozone, and methods of analysis and obtaining atmospheric data. Easy to understand, and describes some of the different locations of research and techniques of monitoring ozone throughout the world.

http://www.enn.com/enn-news-archive/1999/11/112599/amission_7477.asp ENN stands for Environmental News Network, an online publication founded in 1993, working to educate people about international environmental issues by presenting "information from all sides so our users can make their own decisions." The page of particular interest for the environmental chemist is an article titled "Huge Arctic Ozone Study Begins" written in November 1999. The Arctic ozone study is a coalition of scientists from around the world working to measure levels of and changes in ozone in the winter of 1999. The project is titled the SAGE III Ozone Loss and Validation Experiment (SOLVE). Within the text, color photographs include the following: a polar stratospheric cloud in the Arctic and a balloon similar to those used in the SOLVE study. The project is sponsored by NASA and joins with the European Commission's Third European Stratospheric Experiment on Ozone.

http://www.remtec.net/ RemTec International is an international corporation specializing in recycling various Halons, HFCs, CFCs, HCFCs, Freon, and other refrigerant gases. The site contains a number of internal links to news stories involving RemTec such as their selling of patented equipment to aid in China's halon phase-out, signing of an exclusive contract with Norway's National Halon Bank, reclaiming of halons at a General Motors Tech Center, and opening of a technical assistance office in Europe. RemTec International provides reclamation services and storage equipment for refrigerant gases, as well as recycling fire protection systems and separating combined refrigerant gases.

Volcanoes

http://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/Hazards/NRC_Definitions/volcanic_gas.html This site lists what gasses are emitted from volcanoes, and a few of what the potential effects of those gases could be. Within 10 km of the vent, gases could hurt or kill plants and animals. Acids and ammonia in the gases can damage eyes and respiratory systems. The primary gas released is steam, followed by C02. This CO2 is heavier than air and can stay in depressions of the land and kill man and beast alike.

http://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/Imgs/Jpg/Projects/Emissions/fsheet_fig1.jpg This drawing shows what the significant gases are that are released from a volcanic eruption. It also shows what happens to those gases in the atmosphere.

http://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/Projects/Emissions/vgas_fsheet.html This page describes why volcanoes are studied. The answer being that we might be able to tell more when eruptions will happen, and what the environmental effects might be. It speaks of the negative effects of the volcanic emissions on plants and animals and people such as suffocation, and respiratory ailments. It also mentions acid rain as a product of the HCl, and what affects that has on plant life and on leeching heavy metals into drinking water. This page also describes how volcanic gases are studied. Gases can be captured by hand at or near the vent, and they can also be picked up with an instrument flown behind an airplane. They also briefly discussed new remote sensors that can be dangerous places gathering data and sending it via radio waves.

http://www.nrcan.gc.ca/gsc/pacific/vancouver/volcanoes/05_7_haz_e.php This is the natural resources page of Canada. It says that from the release of SO2 gas and steam there can be considerable acid rain after a volcanic eruption. The sulfur dioxide can also prove to be irritating or lethal in the gas form. Intense acid rain can collect in drinking water cisterns and leech heavy metals into them. Acid rain also has the potential to severely damage crops and wetlands.

http://www.geol.ucsb.edu/~fisher/gas.htm This page explores the different gasses that are emitted from volcanoes and what effects they have on the environment. It says that sulfate aerosols could have a cooling effect on the average temperature of the earth by reflecting incoming solar radiation. These same particles also play a role in forming acid rain. Not to fear, for these aerosols do not stay in the atmosphere for a really long time.

http://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/Projects/Emissions/framework.html This is the page that outlines and has links to the various aspects of the USGS's volcanic emissions and global change project. It describes their goals, what they are doing, and what they are finding. One of the most interesting things briefly touched on with this page is the notion of trying to "scrub" volcanoes with water to make the volcanoes emissions less hazardous.

http://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/Projects/Emissions/Reports/Spurr/spurr_b2139_abs.html Interested by the prospect of the scrubbing volcanoes as mentioned above I found this page. This explains that during the 1992 eruption of Mount Spurr in Alaska SO2 scrubbing was successful for all but the 3 explosive events. Negligible SO2 was coming out right before and after these explosive events with SO2 water scrubbing. This doesn't explain exactly how the scrubbing was done, but I am interested.

http://www.agu.org/sci_soc/eosvarekamp.html This page has a great quantity of information. Specifically, it addresses lakes found in volcanic calderas. There can be significant amounts of CO2 dissolved in the bottom of some lakes as there was in Cameroon 15 years ago. When the CO2 surfaced it spread out over the nearby village and killed a lot of people. Volcanoes can also make their lakes very acidic and this can alter the geochemistry of the area much more quickly than it would usually happen.

http://www.solcomhouse.com/yellowstone.htm At the bottom of the page under University of Wisconsin press release there is pertinent information regarding the supervolcano under Yellowstone. Studying the quartz and zircon in the past ash samples, geologists and chemists get an idea of what the hot spot process is like, and just how much ash is produced and where it goes. Evidence suggests that there could be another major eruption from this source in the next 100,000-1,000,000 years. However, it will likely be smaller than the previous.

http://wlapwww.gov.bc.ca/wat/wq/BCguidelines/selenium/report2c_v3-02.htm Gives the basics of Selenium. Its major source in the environment is from volcanoes 100,000-1,800,000 kg/a.

http://www.eman-rese.ca/eman/reports/meetings/mercury/part3.html This is a page that describes some of the chemicals and chemical processes and origins that affect Canada. They have determined that only 3% mercury deposition can be attributed to volcanoes.

Global warming/Climate Change Websites

Global warming/Climate Change

http://lwf.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/climate/research/2001/ann/ann.html Climate Change - Latest Data. Global summary of the climate of 2001. 2001 temperatures are second only to 1998, a year influenced by the warming effects of El Nino. 2001's warming is part of a clear trend of increasing temperatures over the last 25 years with, unfortunately, no end in sight. Land temperatures were 0.74°C (1.33°F) above average (calculated over the period 1880-2000), while ocean temperatures were 0.43°C (0.77°F) higher. The northern hemisphere, at 0.60°C (1.08°F) above average, showed greater warming than the southern hemisphere; however at 0.43°C (0.77°F), the southern hemisphere anomaly was also significant. The overall mean was 0.52°C (0.94°F) higher than the long-term average.

http://lwf.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/climate/research/2001/ann/events.html Significant climate anomalies and events of 2001

http://lwf.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/climate/research/2001/ann/us-summary.html US Summary of the Climate of 2001

http://www.cmdl.noaa.gov/ The Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics Laboratory is part of NOAA. There are five research groups, which have been conducting measurements concerning the ozone hole, air quality, and the world's climate. They have observatories around the world and information related to global warming can be found here.

http://lwf.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/climate/globalwarming.html This site, prepared by the National Climatic Data Center, answers questions about tropospheric temperature trends, El Nino, the hydrological cycle, and insight into the data collecting processes involved in detection of global climate changes. In addition, there a number of links to other national and international websites posted. http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/paleo/perspectives.html This website highlights paleoclimate research and shows how paleoclimate research relates to global warming and other issues regarding climate variability and change. It discusses and provides information about the study of past climates in hopes of achieving a better understanding of the Earth's present and future climate. The other half of the sight looks at the impact of paleoclimatic research on understanding drought patterns.

http://www.wmo.ch/index-en.html The UK and US data sets show similar results for 2001. In its analysis, the WMO focuses primarily on the time period from 1960 to present, predicting that 2001 will have been 0.42°C warmer than the average for this period. (Note that this period has a higher average than the 1880-2001 period.) The WMO notes that 9 of the 10 warmest years on record have occurred since 1990, and that 2001 will be the 23rd consecutive year with global temperatures above the 1961-1990 average.

http://www.epa.gov/globalwarming/impacts/index.html This is the EPA's website on global warming. This site contains a lot of information and focuses on Climate, Emissions, Impacts, and Actions. There are many links from this page to other EPA sites.

http://www.epa.gov/globalwarming/ This is a beautiful site made by the EPA on Global Warming. It is very easy to use and has a lot of information. The topic heading on this site includes climate, emissions, impacts and actions. The site even has good info on what you can do to help! The site also has some great sections divided up by social groups and how global warming effects that group. Some of these sections include coastal residents, industry, kids, meteorologists, public officials, and outdoor enthusiasts. This is a GREAT site!

http://www.globalwarming.org/ This website was created and maintained by the Cooler Heads Coalition which is a sub-group of the National Consumer Coalition. It was founded to dispel the myths of global warming by exposing flawed economic, scientific, and risk analysis. There is information on global warming as well as lie and scandal. The site also contains information concerning current climate change policy proposals. It also offers bi-weekly news updates on politics, economics, and science as they apply to global warming.

http://www.globalwarming.org/news/index.htm Global Warming Information Page -an information page with all the latest press-releases and articles dealing with global warming topics including: the Bush administration's decisions, energy, gasoline, weather, and the Kyoto Conference.

http://www.globalwarming.org/sciup/sci12-27-01.htm This page summarizes an article from the Dec. 27, 2001 issue of science that says that the forests of the U.S., Europe, and Russia take up about 12% of the annual global emissions of Carbon. It claims that the forests of the U.S. take up 11% of our total outputs of Carbon. At the end there is a short reference to the fact that the boreal forests of Canada are losing Carbon overall.

http://www.globalwarming.org/sciup/sci2-8-01.html This page makes reference to two glaciers in Antarctica that have been studied and the conclusions reached were that climate change had little effect on the melting. The projected model for glacier melting relating to global warming is as follows. Increased atmospheric temperatures would decrease the albedo of glaciers and accumulation would be less. With a low reflectivity, the glacier would absorb more of the insolation it received and thus melt faster. Experiments conducted on the Pine Island glacier in western Antarctica have concluded that such a mechanism is working on that glacier.

http://www.climatehotmap.org/about.html This is the coolest global warming site ever! This site has an excellent map of the world that when you click on different places will tell you what effect global warming will have there. The site also has a section for educators, that gives a curriculum guide that can be used with their amazing map. This is not a good place to find information on historical climate information.

http://www.climatehotmap.org/camerica.html Global warming and mosquotoes again, this time with articles that detail the presence of the bugs in South America, and the lastest statistics on new habitat of mosquitoes due to global warming.

http://www.ucsusa.org/warming The Union Of Concerned Scientists is on a mission to provide scientifically sound solutions to the major problems of global environmental change. This union believes global warming is real and well under way. They provide solid facts to support their theory. These scientists give their advice on what we can all do to stop global warming. This website contains faq's, briefings, updates, guides, skeptic reports, presentations, analysis, recommendations, statements, and links. I like this union a lot and hope more people take the time to read what these concerned scientists are saying.

http://www.ucsusa.org/globalresources/index.html This Union of concerned Scientists website contains more information on the" early signs" of global warming. There are links between this page and the "early signs of global warming" page. Supplemental material can be found on this page such as classroom activities and a curriculum guide.

http://ucsusa.org/environment/owarming.html Union of Concerned Scientists, offers a wide variety of briefs, reports etc. on global warming, carbon sequestration, localized impacts of climate change.

http://www.ucsusa.org/environment/gw.research.html this is a site from Union of Concerned Scientists that talks about global warming science. There are many articles here. about Global warming!

http://www.ucsusa.org/warming/index.html This is a site created by the Union of Concerned Scientists, or UCS. The site includes an informational overview on evidence of global warming, regional and global climate change, effects on vegetation, possible government solutions, as well as many others. There is also information on many other environmental topics in addition to global warming, and membership information into the union.

http://www.ucsusa.org/environment/gw_glaciers.html This page discusses some of the possible effects that global warming would have on glaciers. It discusses the rate and percentage of loss of glaciers around the world, and especially in temperate to tropical latitudes. The loss of glacier cover is a product of many things including length, width, and surface area. However, average temperature plays a very large role in the rate of glacial melt and the rate of accumulation in the winter. Decreased glacier cover could lead to less water available to some areas, decreased slope stability, and thus a danger for those living near or under those slopes.

http://www.marshall.org/guide.htm George C. Marshall Institute Q & A page-deals with the most common questions asked about global warming and brief, easy-to-understand, and up-to-date answers.

http://www.pace.edu/lawschool/env/energy/globalwarming.html Global Warming Central a project of the Pace University School of Law Energy - Project -a grand website with all kinds of sources dealing with the current debates about global warming. All kinds of info from conferences going on, is updated very regularly.

http://www.co2science.org/center Center for the Study of Carbon Dioxide and Global Change website. The Center for the Study of Carbon Dioxide and Global Change is a nonprofit organization specializing in research and educational developments to the rising CO2 contents of Earth's atmosphere. The site is update weekly with CO2 Science Magazine. The magazine contains an editorial and review of 5 peer-reviewed scientific journal articles. It also has archived reviews from past weeks. The site is a wealth of information on global climate change.

http://www.co2science.org/ CO2 Science Magazine-updated every Wednesday, this is a weekly review of scientific findings pertaining to carbon dioxide and global change. Includes: Temperature Record of the week, Biological consequences, climate-change in Antarctica, soils, and coral reefs.

http://www.co2science.org/subject/commentary/2002/v5n4com.htm "Another Global Warming Horror Story Bites the Dust", by Dr.Sherwood B. Idso and Dr. Keith E. Idso. (Center for the Study of Carbon Dioxide and Global Change.) This article sums up a study conducted in the Arctic by Camill, et al. They challenged the theory that increasing global temperatures would melt the permafrost, which would release CO2 into the air and create a positive feedback chain of global warming. The results contradict this theory, indicating that the warming permafrost was actually acting as a sink because the vegetation more actively withdraws CO2 from the air.

http://www.arm.gov/docs/education/warming.html ARM Education Site: Global Warming -fun site, seperate sections for beginners, questioners, and experts. Lesson plans, "ask a scientist", related sites, even a quiz to test your knowledge.

http://www.gcrio.org/ipcc/qa/04.html "What human activities contribute to climate change ?" See graphs detailing relative heating and cooling effects of emissions of co2 and ch4 tec. Also release of toxins relative to geographical areas. With a link to the "how do we know that the atmospheric build up of greenhouse gases is due to human activity/" page. With even more info and data and more links to more pages. Thourough info is given on sources and effects of greenhouse gas emissions throughout the various pages and links. All provided by the United Nations Environment Programme World Meteorological Org.

http://www.gcrio.org Global Change Research Information Office (GCRIO) Provides extensive links to web-based resources on global change. Serves as the information dissemination arm of the US Global Change Research Program. Contains numerous on-line publications related to global change dynamics.

http://www.cleanairworld.org/glossary.html This web site is a glossary about everything we've learned in the first half of the quarter. It deals with all aspects of global warming and gives words like stratosphere and then goes on to give a definition and it usually has a site you can go to and read more in depth about. This site was provided by the EPA for people who want to know just a little more.

http://solar-center.stanford.edu/sun-on-earth/glob-warm.html This is a site put up by Stanford, which talks about global warming in brief and has info in general along with student activities and research topics that you can go and look at on other sites. It is very good at heading you in the right direction and it also has a place for teachers to go and get homework ideas.

http://icp.giss.nasa.gov/research/methane/greenhouse.html This website is run by the Institute on Climate and Planets, a group that provides outreach and conducts research on the climate, collaborating with NASA, schools and colleges . Its immediate site has an introduction on global warming, information on the Vostok ice cores, diagrams and sections on nitrous oxide, carbon dioxide, and methane. From the links, past newletters, and other global science organizations can be reached. Click on the methane link for research papers on the gas.

http://seawifs.gsfc.nasa.gov/SEAWIFS/IMAGES/MOVIES.html for all you movie junkies, out there this one will play movies of sea temp. ozone, global warming and a host of other things that will interest you, I hope. Since my computer had real player clobbered, they wont play, but a real interesting site, nontheless! This one just for fun!

http://www.ieer.org/ensec/no-5/globwarm.html The institute for energy and environmental research sponsors this site on global warming. This site includes statistics on global warming and reviews of the gases involved, including halocarbons. It describes in detail the chemical interactions of the gases in the atmosphere, their concentations, residence times and their sinks. Options for CO2 sequestration and global warming mitigation are discussed.

http://www.heartland.org/studies/ieguide.htm This site I found very interesting because it was the exact opposite science than we learned this quarter in class. The statements were based on bad science and tried to dispute and tear down widely held opinions of the scientific community. I believe it is necessary to see what kind of propaganda the other side is putting out.

http://www.worldwildlife.org/climate/climate.cfm This is a web site from the WWF (world wildlife foundation) that is set up to bring support for their campaign for climate change. The site talks about a worldwide increase in temperature since 1981. Six of the hottest years ever have come after 1990 and the hottest year in the last 120 was 1998. The site provides goals of mass reduction in greenhouse gases starting in 2001 as its main objective.

http://www.washtimes.com/commentary/20020203-90259646.htm This article is basically trying to justify President Bush's scraping on the Kyoto Treaty because there has not been sufficient data to prove or disprove global warming. The article tells how the man responsible for bringing global warming to light at NASA has now retracted his statements. All this really means is that he has been bullied into saying these things so Bush's economy can keep consuming and keep producing.

http://www.nrdc.org/globalWarming/fcons.asp The Natural Resources Defense Council put this out March 30, 2002 so this is the most recent info available and the site was very informative and displayed the facts in an easy to understand fashion. This website tells you what warning signs to look for and the possible consequences of global warming. This site breaks the problem down into sections because global warming effects ecosystems differently. Take a look at climate pattern changes, glacier and ice melt, sea level rise, health effects on humans, etc. Is global warming already effecting us, you decide.The article talks about how much the temperature could rise over the next century and what effects it will have on the people and land. This was a very straightforward type of article that tried to be unbiased in presenting its information.

http://www.nrdc.org/globalWarming/default.asp The National Resources Defense Council put together this website on global warming. This site tells which industries and countries are doing their part and which ones are slacking off. Also, there is information on how to inform your representatives of your concern for the environment. This website is a good watchdog to polluting industry.

http://www.api.org/globalclimate/ This article comes by way of the American Petroleum Institute and is the largest load of garbage I have ever read. The article starts off by saying how the oil companies have helped humanity to overcome that not so friendly foe mother nature and how no matter what you might have heard the pollution coming from these substances is not able to affect those unfriendly weather patterns. No matter what happens though we will have oil to keep us warm and keep us rolling. It amazes me how people will fall for this type of propaganda coming from the beast itself.

http://www.globalwarming.org/sciup/ This is a great site. It is called the global warming information page with lots of links listed here with timely articles. I will save this one for next quarter as well. http://unisci.com/stories/20014/1130015.htm This site, details one species that could really benefit from global warming, the green back trout detailed here in this article from Colorado State University.

http://www.futurenet.org/12Climatechange/gelbspan.html This is an article on global warming written by a Pulitzer prize winning author, that wrote "The Climate Crisis" this site details several types of effects of global warming from rising temperatures in various places, to the effects on insects, on food webs, in a general essay format.

http://www.greenpeace.org/~climate/polar/antarc_report/ant9.html Global warning strikes penguins! here is the report from King George Island in Antarctica.

http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/sci/tech/newsid_1639000/1639284.stm Global warming and mosquitoes! This one is interesting. This is from the BBC and it details how birds and mosquitoes are adjusting to the trends. This article is short, but I like the pictures. Everything is out of wack.

http://www.sciam.com/2000/0800issue/0800epstein.html Global warming and mosquitoes. Malaria, and the affected getting diseases.

http://www.pewclimate.org/policy/response_bushpolicy.cfm New politics and policy! This one is for greenhouse gas intensity. Reporting of levels are encouraged by a new Bush Policy

http://www.carboncyclescience.gov/ This site appears to be under construction, but it will be a gathering of several scientists starting a new U.S.program of Carbon cycle, Attempting to work with Federal agencies, Community Planning, and International Coordination. It is the wave of the new policy that hopefully will be coming in the years to come.

http://www.ametsoc.org/AMS Reports on recent studies concerning global warming. Browse the AMS Journal and access full text peer reviewed articles on global climate change.

http://www.arcus.org Indexes vastg amount of information on all aspects of arctic research including climate change. Full text of "The Hydrologic Cycle and Its Role in Arctic and Global Climate Change," directories of arctic researchers.

http://www.lternet.edu Two thousand ecological datasets including the LTER (Long Term Environmental Research) Climate Database Project that provides long term metereological data from sites in the arctic, Antarctica, and North America.

http://www.nigec.ucdavis.edu National Institute for Global Environmental Change, U.C. Davis Home page for all regional research centers across the U.S. Publishes reports on climate change research available full text on line. Links to regional NIGEC research centers.

http://www.botany.net/IDB/subject/botpale.html Internet Directory for Botany, Paleobotany, Palynology and Pollen.This site contains a library of annotated links to pages concerning, palynology, paleobotany, and paleoclimate.

http://www.datasync.com/~farrar/www_vl_paleoclim.html The World Wide Web Virtual Library: Paleoclimatology and Paleoceanography. This site contains groups of links to lots of great sites dedicated to paleoceanography and paleoclimatology.

http://academic.emporia.edu/aberjame/ice/lec11/lec11.htm This is a web page on paleoclimate reconstruction. This page has great basic information on the methods used by paleoclimatologists. Good introduction to palynology, oxygen isotopes, and the use of paleofaunas. Contains links to related pages.

http://webspinners.com/dlblanc/climate/index.shtml This site has general background information on climate change and mass extinction. The site's author gives links to pages with more specific information on the various aspects of the topic.

http://www.sierraclub.org/globalwarming This site is the Sierra Club's page on global warming. This site does not offer much information on the chemistry of global warming, but it suggests ways that you as a concerned inhabitant of the Earth can use alternate sources of energy like solar power or wind power. Also on this site are fuel alternatives and ways to cut pollution. This is a good site for people who might feel helpless in this overwhelming issue.

http://www.panda.org/climate The World Wildlife Fund Website is devoted to presenting information on climate change and the importance of ratifying the Kyoto Treaty. The website contains news articles on recent WWF press releases relating to climate change. In addition there are fact sheet pates and pages going into more depth on causes, impacts, and solutions to climate change. The WWF has one "cutting page" containing latest information on climate change and causes attributable to human activities.

http://www4.nationalacademies.org/onpi/webextra.nsf/web/climate?OpenDocument The National Academies takes a closer look at global warming. This website lets you start with the basics or just jump right in to the controversial findings and predictions. This site tackles questions like, are we changing the climate, and what are the consequences of global warming? Here you can search for evidence of global warming and answers/predictions on some of the big questions. If you still feel like learning more, check out the sites collection of related reports.

http://www.skepticism.net/faq/environment/global_warming I like this website because it provides an unusual perspective. The articles here are not just written by scientists and researchers, but common people with an opinion and an idea. This website contains a basic introduction to global warming, the scientific controversy, the political controversy, and many, many links. This site takes a powerful inside look at both sides of the big question facing our world today, is global warming really happening?

http://www.pirg.org/enviro/global_w PIRG is a state to state organization whose purpose is to educate and protect our environment. Anyone can join and help them on their crusade. One of their campaigns is to stop global warming. their website focuses on the impacts of global warming, who is to blame, and how we can take action to put a stop to this growing global problem.

http://www.nationalcenter.org/Kyoto.html The National Center For Public Policy Research This website is more political in context then most my other websites. Here you will find international treaty documents and briefings from past summit discussions. read through press releases and other selected global warming documents from recent meetings and conferences. there are some very interesting articles here. I highly recommend this site to anyone interested in the political side of the global warming debate.

http://www.pubs.acs.org/hotartcle/cenear/951127/pg1.html Chemical & Engineering News The author of this article is stating the facts he has come across in his research of atmospheric temperature change. the author agrees with most scientists that climatic observations are substantial enough evidence of global warming. Read what the author has to say about the science and the politics surrounding global warming.

http://www.planetark.org/dailynewsstory.cfm?newsid=9617 This article talks about the effects that global warming will have on the African continent. It is one of many articles that demonstrate how the developing world has to deal with the effects of increased CO2 emissions even though they are not necessarily the ones producing it.

http://www.dnr.state.wi.us/org/caer/ce/eek/earth/air/global.htm This site is designed as an educational site for children, but it is loaded with very good information. This site is a good introduction to some of the basics about global warming.

http://www.uow.edu.au/arts/sts/sbeder/columns/probe19.html this is an interesting article about the response of the insurance industry to the threat of global warming. Because they insure many people against loss from storms etc. they are very concerned about the threat of global climate change.

http://www.igc.org/awea/wew/othersources/rachel466.html This is an interesting site that chronicles and lays out the connection between global climate change and the spread of infectious diseases. These sorts of results from global warming are very interesting and will become more pressing as the temperature continues to increase.

http://www.environmentsite.org/ This site has good general information on global warming. Just by visiting the site and clicking on a leaf you make a donation that goes to prevent global warming. They have sponsors that donate money for every click the site gets so you should visit it and do something simple to help!

http://www.enn.com/specialreports/climate Really nice graphs and "moving" pictures describing global warming. Not only does this site scientifically discuss what is happening . It also goes into the political side. Includes global meeting in Kyoto and what nations are involved.

http://www.2vivid.net/~ses/co2.html Awesome web site containing info by country, state and company regarding how much CO2 emissions they let off. U.S. was ranked #1 with the most CO2.

http://www.global-warming.net Has a ton of up-to-date, latest, global warming articles. Many of them are new scientifically proven effects to health, both human and nature.

http://zebu.uoregon.edu/1998/es202/l13.html This is the most comprehensive global warming site that I have seen. It has flow charts of the global warming process, gas concentrations and many models for what has and could happen. This also has a good link to the USGS about methane hydrates, which contain something like 3000 times the amount of methane in the atmosphere right now. These hydrates are found in polar ice, and in marine sediments.

http://globalwarming.enviroweb.org/exhibition.html This website is concerned with an exhibition that includes many hands on exhibits, models, interactive simulations, and other forms of media; that show the function, operation, and forecasts of greenhouse gases and global warming. According to the site, the exhibit was on display at the Smithsonian until Sept. 1997, but is now permanently on display at Columbia University's Biosphere 2 Center near Tuscon, Arizona.

http://www.environmentaldefense.org/system/templates/page/focus.cfm?focus=3 This website is operated by a group called Environmental Defense. The site contains information on many different environmental issues including global warming. On one part of the site, you can type in the data of your car, and find out on average, how much fuel/year your vehicle uses. Plus, it can calculate the number of pounds of carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, and hydrocarbons your vehicle emits per year. This can be found under the "tailpipe tally" section.

http://www.usgcrp.gov/usgcrp/default.htm U.S. Global Change Research Program. This is a government website containing information about the composition of the atmosphere, changes in the ecosystem, the global carbon cycle, the global water cycle, climate change and variability, and human impact. The most fantastic feature of this website is "New postings" which contains several slide presentations, press releases, global warming and the environmental effects, including species concerns, and links to numerous amount of related sites and databases.

http://explorezone.com/news/globalwarm.htm Global Warming News Zone comes from an interesting site called explorezone.com. This site includes a plethora of articles from the 11th Symposium on Global Change, historical climate changes, to possible contributing factors of climate change. There are also discussions about recently published articles in the journal Nature, and reports from NASA and the UN to articles from the New Scientist magazine.

http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/warming What's Up With the Weather? This is a very well put together web site put together by PBS –Nova/Frontline. This site includes a history of climatic events, debate over global warming and links to those interviewed, models of the possible outcomes of melted polar ice sheets, and a look at US energy/fuel consumption and its contribution to atmospheric CO2 levels. The information given, sited by refereed journals, includes several graphs, charts, and images. There is also a list of books and links to related topics.

http://www.globalwarming.net/gwnew/gw12-overview.asp This is the Global Warming International Site. The main focus is on the recent international conference held in April of 2001. It has current updates and news as well as papers and other information from the conference.

http://www.globalchange.org/default.htm Global Change is an online review of climate change and ozone depletion published by the Pacific Institute for Studies in Development, Environment, and Security (Oakland, California), a non-profit, independent research center established in 1987. The site's homepage contains external links to the U.S. Global Change Research Program, the Carbon Trader, the International Institute for Sustainable Development, and Climate News. Pages within the website itself contain Global Climate Change Digest and Global Change Electronic Edition issues and archives. The most recent issue of Global Change is from May 2001 and contains a feature news story as well as stories related to law and policy issues, environmental impacts, economics, data and trends, climate and ozone science, editorials and commentary, and new reports (as well as other topics).

http://www.dar.csiro.au/cc/default.htm This page is part of the Australian government agency Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO) website. The section related to global warming is titled "Atmospheric Research: Greenhouse Effect." An abundance of internal and external links are available, including a Summary for Policymakers of IPCC's "Climate Change 2001" Report, the Cape Grim Baseline Air Pollution Station, the Climate Modeling Program, and the Greenhouse Gas Sources and Sinks Program. CSIRO's "most recent climate change scenarios" are also made available in two online brochures. Additionally, this webpage contains internal links to information on climate change over the last 120 billion years, atmospheric temperatures, greenhouse gases, the role of volcanoes in climate change, and ways to model climate change.

http://www.greenhouse.gov.au/ This is the homepage of the Australian Greenhouse Office, which describes itself as "the world's first government agency dedicated to cutting greenhouse gas emissions." By clicking on the first internal link titled "Science and Emissions Monitoring," readers can view information on Australia's emissions and actions such as the National Carbon Accounting System and the National Greenhouse Gas Inventory. Also under the "Science and Emissions Monitoring" section, readers can link to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (FCCC), the Kyoto Protocol, and the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC).

http://www.atmos.anl.gov/ACP/ This is the homepage of the Atmospheric Chemistry Program, part of the Global Change Research program, sponsored by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE). Pertinent information to global warming is found under the "ACP Projects" heading, which lists the years 1995, 1996, 1998 and 2001. For 2001, readers can uncover abstracts on projects involving VOCs and their reaction products, nighttime chemistry of nitrogen oxides, ozone and aerosols, sources and sinks for atmospheric chemicals, properties of aerosols, among many others listed. By returning to the site's homepage, there are many links to Accelerated data and projects.

http://www.mbari.org/ghgases/deep/release.htm MBARI, the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, in Moss Landing, California, provides this website. The particular address chosen highlights experiments on the ocean sinks of fossil fuel carbon dioxide. Numerous pictures of a series of deep ocean experiments (3627 meters deep in Monterey Bay) are shown on this webpage. ROVs (remotely operated vehicles) and ships were both used in gathering the data and detailed photographs of the experiment progression are available.

http://www.energy.ca.gov/education/projects/projects-html/greenhouse.html This has directions for a do it at home student project re-creating the green house effect in 2 glass jars. It has links to other science projects for students.

http://www.nwf.org/climate/ccnengl.html Global Warming: A Serious Threat to New England's Wildlife: The national Wildlife Federations details the negative effects that excess amounts of carbon dioxide (CO2) and other greenhouse gases are effecting animal populations. It is relevant to areas outside of New England.

http://butterflywebsite.com/Articles/warming.htm "Butterfly Feels Effect of Warming" This is an article excerpted from the Los Angeles Times by Robert Lee Hotz. It is about the biological consequences of global warming on a delicate species of butterfly known as Edith's checker spot butterfly, which is being driven north through California to escape rising temperatures.

http://www.msnbc.com/news/706879.asp?pne=msn&cp1=1#BODY "Tepid Response to Bush Climate Plan", by Miguel Llanos and other MSNBC reporters. This website is a news article for MSN (posted on 15 Feb) that relates Bush's latest "climate plan". I thought this statement pretty much summed up not only the article, but the state of our times as well: "The Bush administration is taking creative accounting to a whole new level," said Clapp. "The president's proposals look like they will actually mean a 50 to 100 percent increase in pollution from power plants over what the Clean Air Act allows, and the White House is trying to dress the package up to look like a cut." There are also some excellent slide shows, flow diagrams, and a nice summation of climate concerns for different regions. Definitely worth checking out.

http://www.newscientist.com/hottopics/climate/climate.jsp?id=ns99991525 "Global warming changes mosquitoes' genetic "off" switch", by James Randerson, 06 Nov 01. This study addressed changes in migration/dormancy patterns of pitcher-plant mosquitoes due to the extended growing season. The results showed that in 1996, these mosquitoes became dormant an average of nine days later than in specimens collected in 1972. Genetic study showed that this change is actually a genetic one (similar responses to global warming have previously thought to have been only behavioral). Interesting when you try to consider the food web without mosquitos…

http://www.cmu.edu/cmri/bio_recap.html "Recapturing and Unused Resource" A nice page that discusses the option of using landfills to recover methane (for an energy source). Two huge benefits would come from this – more energy that we use and less that is heating the atmosphere. What I found interesting was that up to 90% of landfill material is actually biodegradable, and that landfills can provide an energy source for up to fifty years each.